The Mystery of JFK's
Motorcycle Escort (and related matters)
(compiled by Vince Palamara)
"The Secret Service men were not pleased
because they were in a
"hot"
city and would have preferred to have two men ride the bumper of the
President's car with two
motorcycle policemen between him (JFK)..."
["The Day Kennedy Was
Shot" by Jim
Bishop, p. 134 (1992 edition)]
I. DPD motorcycle officer Marrion L. Baker---
A. To the
[from
3 H 244; bracketed comments by VP]
Mr. Baker.
At this particular day in the office up
there before we went out, I was, my
partner and I, we
received instructions to ride right beside the President's car.
Mr. Belin.
About when was this that you received
these instructions?
Mr. Baker.
Let's see, I believe we went to work early
that day, somewhere around 8 o'clock.
Mr. Belin.
And from whom did you receive your
original instructions to ride by the side of
the President's
car?
Mr. Baker.
Our sergeant is the one who gave us the
instructions. This is all made up in the
captain's office,
I believe.
[so
far, so good]
Mr. Belin.
All right.
Mr. Dulles.
Captain Curry?
Mr. Baker.
Chief Curry; our captain is Captain
Lawrence.
Mr. Belin.
Were these instructions ever changed?
Mr. Baker.
Yes, sir. When we got to the airport, our
sergeant instructed me that there
wouldn't be
anybody riding beside the President's car.
[the
change at Love Field]
Mr. Belin.
Did
he tell you why or why not?
Mr. Baker.
No, sir. [important to remember: nothing about JFK or even who told
the unnamed sergeant to make this change] We had several occasions where we
were assigned there and we were
moved by request.
Mr. Belin.
On that day, you mean?
Mr. Baker.
Well, that day and several other occasions
when I have escorted them.
["them"
is probably hyperbole for President's Kennedy AND Johnson: see "C"
below. Baker only escorted JFK once: 11/22/63]
Mr. Belin.
On that day when did you ride or where
were you supposed to ride after this
assignment was
changed?
Mr. Baker.
They just--the sergeant told us just to
fall in beyond it, I believe he called it the
press, behind the
car.
Mr. Belin.
Beyond the press?
Mr. Baker.
Yes, sir.
Mr. Belin.
Did he tell you this after the President's
plane arrived at the airport or was it
before?
Mr. Baker.
It seemed like it was after he arrived out
there.
Mr. Belin.
Had you already seen him get out of the
plane?
Mr. Baker.
Yes, sir.
Mr. Belin.
About what time was it before the
motorcade left that you were advised of this,
was it just
before or 5 or 10 minutes before, or what?
Mr. Baker.
It was 5 or 10 minutes before.
Mr. Belin.
All right.
Then the motorcade left and you rode along
on a motorcycle in the motorcade?
Mr. Baker.
Yes, sir.
B. To the HSCA:
[11 HSCA 528, 536-537,
regarding Baker's 1/17/78
interview with the staff of the HSCA (JFK document No. 014899)]
JFK did it---
"Baker...stated to the
committee that it was at the President's request that they made no effort to
stay in close formation immediately to the rear of the Presidential
limousine...[Baker] asserted that the President was responsible for [his]
position near the press bus."
C. "No More
Silence" by Larry Sneed (1998), p. 123:
The truth comes
out---
"I think that morning
we were already assigned locations when we arrived at headquarters. They didn't
want anyone around the Presidential car, so they told us to follow in behind
the news media. We didn't know whose instructions those were; it might have
been from the Secret Service. I know [Pres.] Johnson didn't want anyone around
him, especially a motorcycle officer."
D. 10/98 letter to Vince Palamara:
Palamara: "Are you aware of any orders not to have the
motorcycles ride right beside JFK's limousine?"
Baker*: "Yes."
II. DPD motorcycle officer
Billy Joe Martin----
A. To the
[6 H 293; bracketed comments
by VP]
Mr. Ball: Did you at any
time come abreast of the President's car in the motorcade?
Mr. Martin: No, sir.
Mr. Ball: Were you under
certain instructions as to how far behind the car you were to keep?
Mr. Martin: Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball: What were those
instructions?
Mr. Martin: They
[plural=Secret Service]instructed us that they didn't
want anyone riding past the President's car and that we were to ride to the
rear, to the rear of his car, about the rear bumper.
Mr. Ball: I think that's
all, Officer. [?!]
B. "Murder From Within" by Fred Newcomb & Perry Adams (1974),
p.33:
Amazing admission---
Martin"said that at morning muster the four [Presidential
motorcycle officers]were ordered that under no
circumstances were they to leave their positions "regardless of what
happened.""
C. To the HSCA:
[11 HSCA 528, 536, regarding
Martin's 1/17/78 interview with the HSCA staff, done on the same day as
Baker's, above (JFK document no. 014372)]
JFK did it---
"...Martin stated to
the committee that it was at the President's request that they made no effort
to stay in close formation immediately to the rear of the Presidential
limousine...Martin confirms the Presidential objection to the close positioning
of motorcycles."
D. From
Martin's alleged paramour, Jean Hill:
["JFK: The Last
Dissenting Witness" (1992), pp. 112-114]
Hill, quoting Martin:
"...they told us out at Love Field right after Kennedy's plane
landed...Well, while Kennedy was busy shaking hands with all the wellwishers at the airport, Johnson's Secret Service people
came over to the motorcycle cops and gave us a bunch of instructions...They
also ordered us into the damdest escort formation
I've ever seen. Ordinarily, you bracket the car with four motorcycles, one on
each fender. But this time, they told the four of us [Martin, Hargis, Chaney,
& Jackson] assigned to the President's car there'd be no forward escorts.
We were to stay well to the back and not let ourselves get ahead of the car's
rear wheels under any circumstances. I'd never heard of a formation like that,
much less ridden in one, but they said they wanted to let the crowds have an
unrestricted view of the president. Well, I guess somebody got an 'unrestricted
view' of him, all right."
III. DPD motorcycle officer
H.B. McLain---
A. "No More
Silence" by Larry Sneed (1998), p. 162:
"The escort route had
been picked out for him [JFK] by the Tactical Group. Normally we had done our
own scheduling, but they took it upon themselves this time. It was rather
unusual because they had people working in positions they didn't normally work.
We usually rode side by side with the senior man riding on the left and the
junior man on the right. In this case, they had it reversed."
IV. DPD motorycle
officer James W. Courson---
A. "No More
Silence" by Larry Sneed (1998), p. 127:
"We were given our
assignments that morning through our sergeant [unnamed]which
had been coordinated between the Secret Service and the police department."
V. DPD motorcycle officer
Bobby Joe Dale---
A. "No More
Silence" by Larry Sneed (1998), pp. 132-133:
"Two or three days
prior to the President's visit we'd ridden with the Secret Service checking to
see where the turns and problem areas might be. We had three possible routes,
but we didn't know which one we were going to take, and we were not briefed on
it. But by riding during the week, I kept hearing the phrase "escape
routes," which dawned on me later that should something happen to any part
of the motorcade we had an escape route to either Baylor or Parkland
Hospitals...Once we were assembled and the President was ready to go, we
started the motorcade by going out a gate at the far end. At that time, we
didn't know which route we were taking; we had three: right, straight, or left.
As we were leaving, the word came over the radio that we would use the
particular route that went left."
B. Corroboration for Dale:
[HSCA RIF# 180-10109-10411:
WC document,
"From an administrative
standpoint, (DPD's Charles) Batchelor** believed that
the failure of the Secret Service to inform the police adequately in advance of the exact route to be taken by
the president prevented them from adequately organizing their men and taking
the necessary security precautions."
VI. DPD Sergeant Samuel Q. Bellah---
"Fairfield (TX)
Recorder", 11/17/88: based off interview with Bellah
(photo
inc.) [provided to the author by Bellah]---"On
the night beforehis assignment, Bellah
reviewed the planned route with his captain. The route was not the original
that was to go straight through
VII. DPD motorcycle office
Clyde A. Haygood---
[11 HSCA 528-529; see also 6
H 297]
"Clyde A. Haygood...[was] assigned to the
right rear of the Presidential limousine. The activity of [Haygood]
indicated again a departure from standard maximum security protection. Haygood, for example, admitted that although he was
stationed to the right rear of Kennedy's car, he was generally riding several
cars back and offred no explanation for this. Haygood...was on
VIII. DPD motorcycle officer
(Sergeant) Stavis Ellis---
A. "No More
Silence" by Larry Sneed (1998), pp. 143-144:
"I was in charge of the
actual escort of the President's car. All the other officers had their
assignments, but some were just assigned to us as surplus. At the airport,
Chief Curry told me, "Look, you see that double-deck bus up there [one of
the Press Busses]? That's full of news media. Now they've got to get to the
Mart out there where the President is going to talk, but we don't want them
messing up this motorcade. Just give them one of your men back there and tell
him to escort them there on time but to keep them out of the motorcade and not
to mess with us." So I got M.L. Baker*and told him exactly what the chief
had told me. That put him behind us quite a bit."
IX. DPD Captain Perdue W.
Lawrence---
A. To the
[7 H 580-581; bracketed coments by VP]
Mr. Griffin: At the time of
your first meeting with Chief Batchelor were you given any special
instructions about
the protection of the President?
Captain Lawrenc:. None.
Mr. Griffin: When was the
next time you received some instructions from one of your
superiors?
Captain Lawrence: The next
time was, to the best of my knowledge, the motorcade
assignments--possibly
2 days before the President arrived---I asked how we would escort this
motorcade.
Mr. Griffin: And with whom did you discuss
that?
Captain Lawrence: Chief Lunday
and Chief Batchelor.
Mr. Griffin: Was anybody from the Secret
Service present at that time?
Captain Lawrence: Not at that time no.
[important
to keep in mind]
Mr. Griffin: What were you told about the
purpose of the officers that were being provided,
if anything?
Captain Lawrence: I was told
that there would be these lead motorcycle officers, and that
we would also have
these other officers alongside [not to the rear of]the President's car and the
Vice President's
car, and some of
the others that would be in the motorcade, and approximately how many
officers would be
needed for the escort, and at that time I had prepared a list of 18 solo
motorcycle
officers, this included three solo sergeants.
I was also instructed that about this
motorcade--that when it reached Stemmons
Expressway, Chief Batchelor told me that he
wanted a solo motorcycle officer in each traffic
lane, each of the
five traffic lanes waiting for the motorcade, so that no vehicles, on Stemmons
Expressway would pass the motorcade at all
and he wanted these solo motorcycle officers to
pull away from the
escort and get up there on Stemmons Freeway and block
the traffic, and
some of these
officers, he stated, would pull past the Presidential car.
[...]
Mr. Griffin: When did that
conversation take place?
Captain Lawrence: That
conversation took place about the 20th of November---2 days
before.
Mr. Griffin: Now, did you receive another set
of instructions or orders after that?
Captain LAWRENCE. Yes; on
the evening of November 21, this was the first time that I had
attended any
security meeting at all in regards to this motorcade. At approximately 5 p.m. I
was told to report
to the conference room on the third floor, and when I arrived at the
conference room
the deputy chiefs were in there, there were members of the Secret
Service--Mr. Sorrels, Captain Gannaway, Captain Souter of radio
patrol, and Capt. Glen King,
deputy chiefs,
assistant chiefs, and Chief Curry, and one gentleman, who I assume was in
charge of the
security for the Secret Service. This was the first time I had attended any
conferences in
regard to the security of this escort, and I listened in on most of the
discussion
and I heard one of
the Secret Service men say that President Kennedy did not desire any
motorcycle officer
directly on each side of him, between him and the crowd, but he would
want the officers
to the rear. This conversation I overheard as Chief Batchelor was using a
blackboard showing
how he planned to handle this--how plans had been made to cover the
escort.
[...]
Mr. Griffin: Was there ever
any discussion that you heard about taking precautions
designed to
prevent some sort of assault on the President that would be more severe than
simply placards,
picketing, and people throwing rotten eggs and vegetables, and things like
that?
Captain Lawrence:. Not to my knowledge, other than the fact that the Secret
Service man
in there--when it
was mentioned about these motorcycle officers alongside the Presidents car,
he said, "No,
these officers should be back and if any people started a rush toward the car,
if
there was any
movement at all where the President was endangered in any way, these officers
would be in a
position to gun their motors and get between them and the Presidential
car,"
and he mentioned,
of course, the security and safety of the President and those words were
mentioned.
[...]
Mr. Griffin:. Let's go back a little bit and let me ask you--when did
you first give instructions
to the men who
were actually stationed along the route as to what they should do?
Captain Lawrence: I gave
them those instructions on the morning of November 22 and I
had with me at the
time--I had the detail with me and some notes that I had written...
X. Asst. Chief of DPD Charles
Batchelor**, Deputy Chief George L.
Lumpkin, & Deputy Chief M.W.
Stevenson---
A.
11/30/63 report to Chief Curry:
[21 H 571]
"[DPD Captain Perdue]
B. ***DPD Captain Perdue
Lawrence Exhibit re: motorcycle distribution DATED NOVEMBER 21, 1963, the day
before the assassination [handwritten comments from 7/24/64; 20 H 489; same as
HSCA JFK Exhibit F-679]:
In addition to DPD
motorcycles officers B.W. Hargis and B.J. Martin, H.B. MCLAIN AND J.W. COURSON
WERE SLATED TO RIDE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF JFK'S LIMOUSINE. Also, in addition to
DPD motorcycle officers D.L.Jackson and J.M. Chaney,
C.A. HAYGOOD AND M.L. BAKER WERE SLATED TO RIDE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF JFK'S
LIMOUSINE!
XI. DPD Chief Jesse Curry---
A. To the
[4 H 171; bracketed comments
by VP]
(included
in the actual transcript is a bizarre error involving a seemingly deliberate
edit)
Mr. Curry. In the planning
of this motorcade, we had
had more motorcycles
lined up to be with the President's car, but the Secret
Service didn't want that many.
Mr. Rankin.
Did they tell you why?
Mr. Curry.
We actually had two on each side but we
wanted four on each side and they
asked us to drop
out some of them and back down the motorcade, along the
motorcade, which
we did. [this does not answer the question and is
repeated verbatim below]
Mr. Rankin.
How many motorcycles did you have?
Mr. Curry.
I think we had four on each side of him.
Mr. Rankin.
How many did you want to have?
[Here it is, repeated.
Notice that even this does not answer this particular question!]
Mr. Curry.
We actually had two on each side side but we wanted four on each side and they
asked us to drop
out some of them and back down the motorcade, along the
motorcade, which
we did.
Mr. Rankin.
So that you in fact only
had two on each side of his car?
Mr. Curry.
Two on each side and they asked them to remain
at the rear fender so if the
crowd moved in on
him they could move in to protect him from the crowd.
Mr. Rankin.
Who asked him to stay at the rear fender?
Mr. Curry.
I believe Mr. Lawson.
Mr. Rankin.
The Secret Service man?
Mr. Curry.
Yes, sir.
XII. Secret Service Agent
Winston G. Lawson---
A. To the
[4 H 338; bracketed comments
by VP]
DULLES: "...do you
recall that any orders were given by or on
behalf of
the President with regard to the location of those motorcycles that were particularly
attached to his car?'
LAWSON: "NOT
SPECIFICALLY AT THIS INSTANCE ORDERS FROM HIM."
[emphasis
added---Lawson would go on to say "it was my understanding
that he did not like a lot of motorcycles
surrounding the car", something not borne out by very recent
prior motorcades from 11/18- 11/22/63]
HSCA Volume 11, page 529:
"The Secret Service's
alteration of the original Dallas Police Department motorcycle
deployment plan prevented the use of maximum possible security
precautions...Surprisingly, the security
measure used in the prior motorcades during the same
motorcycles in
more than a day before November 22 that the President did
not want motorcycles riding alongside or
parallel to the Presidential
vehicle..."
Yet at least 6 motorcycles
surrounded JFK's limousine (inc. 1-2 directly beside
him) on 3/23/63 in Chicago1, on the European tour of June-July 1963
(encompassing Germany, Italy, & Ireland)2, the
11/18/63 Florida trip3, and, most importanly, in San
Antonio on 11/21/634, Houston on 11/21/635, and Fort Worth on the morning of
11/22/63.6
[see
addendum, below, for more on Lawson and the motorcycle issue]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Also:
DMN reporter Tom
Dillard---"We lost our position at the airport. I
understood we were to have been quite a bit closer. We were
assigned as
the prime photographic car which, as you probably know,
NORMALLY A TRUCK
PRECEDES THE PRESIDENT ON
THESE THINGS [MOTORCADES] AND CERTAIN
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
PHOTOGRAPHIC PRESS RIDE WITH THE TRUCK. In this
case, as you know, we didn't have any and this car That I
was in was to take photographs which was of spot-news nature." [Emphasis
added]. 7Dillard forcefully said the same thing on C-Span on 11/20/93,
telling the TV audience that the flatbed truck was
"canceled at the last
minute" and they were put in Chevrolet convertibles
"which totally put us
out of the picture."
[all previous trips, inc.
photographers very close in front and behind JFK's
limousine, inc. WH photographer Cecil
Stoughton, who rode in the SS follow-up car from July 1963 until 11/21/638]
Henry Burroughs, AP photographer
(rode in Camera Car #2)---"I was a member of the
White House
pool aboard Air Force One when we arrived with JFK in
fateful day. We, the pool, were dismayed to find our pool
car shoved
back to about #11 position in the motorcade. We
protested, but it was too late.
From Jim Bishop's "The
Day Kennedy Was Shot" (1992 edition):
p. 133 "The ninth car
was a Chevrolet convertible for White House motion
picture photographers. It was impossible to take pictures in
a position so
remote from the President. Behind it were two more
automobiles with photo-
graphers."
And
pp. 133-134 " The press was displeased with its place in the
parade. Some
felt they could have reported a better story watching the
motorcade from
any of the buildings downtown. Even their wire
representatives- AP, UPI,
and American Broadcasting- sitting forward in a special
car, were six hundred
feet behind the Kennedys and
could see little except the Mayor of Dallas
directly ahead."
And
pp. 109-110;134 "Dr. George Burkley...felt
that he should be close to the Presi-
dent at all times... Dr. Burkley
was unhappy...this time the admiral protested. He could
be of no assistance to the President if a doctor was
needed quickly."9
Seth Kantor's
notes----"Will Fritz's men called off nite
before by SS. Had planned to ride closed car w/ machine guns in car behind
Pres." [which could mean someplace behind JFK's
car, as
was the case in
Milton Wright, Texas Highway
Patrolman (driver of Mayor Cabell's car)--- "As I recall, prior to the President arriving at
the airport we were already staged on the tarmac. I do not recall what position
I was in at that time but it was not #1[the number taped to his car's
windshield]. At the last minute there was a lot of
shuffling and I ended up in the 5th vehicle. My vehicle was
the last to leave downtown after the shooting because the police set up a road
block behind my car."12
General Godfrey McHugh (rode
in VIP car)--- was asked to sit in a car farther back in the motorcade, rather
than "normally, what I would do between the driver and Secret Service
agent in charge of trip"13- he
admitted this was "unusual";14"Ordinarily
McHugh rode in the Presidential limousine in the front seat. This was the first
time he was instructed not to ride in the car so that all attention would be
focused on the
President
to accentuate full exposure."15
And, as regards the Dallas
Police, in keeping with all prior motorcades in 1963, DPD Captain Glen King
stated that the Secret Service was primarily responsible
for the President's security, while the role of the
DPD was a supportive one.16
ASAIC Roy Kellerman, to FBI agents' Sibert
& O'Neil on the night of the
murder:
"the
advanced security arrangements made for this specific trip were the
most stringent and thorough ever employed by the Secret
Service for the
visit of a President to an American city" [[FBI
Kellerman would go on to deny ever saying such a thing: 18 H
707-708]
JFK, to San Antonio
Congressman Henry Gonzalez on 11/21/63:
"The Secret Service told me that they had
taken care of everything -
there's nothing to worry about." ["High
Treason", page 127]
President Kennedy, to a concerned
advance man, Marty Underwood on
11/21/63: "Marty, You
worry about me too much" [Evening Magazine" video
11/22/88; interview with
Marty Underwood 10/9/92]
DPD Chief Curry, "
"LARGE POLICE GUARD
PLANNED FOR KENNEDY-Signs Friday pointed to the
greatest concentration of
high-ranking dignitary when President Kennedy visits
month...The deployment of thr
special force, he said, is yet to be worked
out with the U.S. Secret Service."
1
2
3
4
5 NBC video from 11/22/63
(depicting newsreel from previous day); still photo, "Houston
Chronicle";11 HSCA 529 & 537; Secret Service
Final Survey Report (JFK document No. 014979)---stated that in all motorcade
movements "six motorcycles flanked the Presidential limousine and an
additional 33 motorcycles were used to flank the motorcade and cover the
intersections."
6 "Texas News"
newsreel; Stoughton photo, JFK Library (interestingly, there is no mention in
the Fort Worth Secret Service Survey Report about the deployment of motorcycles
in the vicinity of the Presidential limousine. Thankfully, we have the
photographic record [11 HSCA 529 & 537]).
7 6 H 163
8 "The Memories,
1961-1963" by Cecil Stoughton w/ Ted Clifton and Hugh Sidey
(1973), p. 160; see also Stoughton's motorcade films of the trip to Italy
(7/63), as well as his still photos from the follow-up car in Tampa, FL (11/18/63)
and in Houston, TX (11/21/63) via the JFK Library (shown by the author at COPA
1996)
9 Burkley
rode in the lead car in
10
11 20 H 391; see also 4 H
171-172 (Curry); 11 HSCA 530
12 9/3/98 e-mail to the
author
13 For example, McHugh rode
here in
14 CFTR radio (
15 5/11/78 interview with
the HSCA's Mark Flanagan (
16 20 H 453, 463-465; see
also Curry, p. 9
Addendum:
[from
John Kelin's "Fair Play": review of the
author's Lancer 11/22/97 conference appearance re: agent being recalled at Love
Field]
"This is different
angles of [the
Kennedy motorcade] leaving
Love Field," Palamara said,
as the video rolled. Using a red "laser
light" pointer,
he identified various agents, and supplied narration:
"This is John Ready ...
Paul Landis ... here they are,
leaving Love Field ... Henry Rybka
--- thinking that
he's going to be doing what he just did the last few
stops --- this is when Emory Roberts rises in his seat
in the followup car ... and
we see some hand gestures
... basically
tells [Rybka] to cease and desist from
his actions. Paul Landis is even making room for him on
the followup car! And this is
when you'll see Henry
Rybka ... I think a picture says a thousand words, well
this is about as close as you can get here ---" And
as
the next image flickered on the screen in slow motion,
the Lancer audience rumbled in astonishment --- the
words "Wow!" and "Jesus!" leap out
from my tape
recorder. For as Henry Rybka is
seen being summoned
from his usual position back to the followup
car, he
issues a confused palms-up gesture that seems to say,
"What gives?"
Rybka was left behind at Love Field. "And the most
amazing thing of all," Palamara
continued, "is the fact
that there is not one report, not two reports, but
three reports after the fact, placing Rybka
in the
followup car! But
he wasn't there! Again --- either
they assumed he did hop into the car, or there was a
coverup. Take your
pick..."
The clip of Rybka's confusion rolled again; I think
everyone needed to see it at least twice. "When you see
this clip normally, it's normally real time, it goes by
real quick..."
From Peter
Dale Scott's excellent "Deep Politics and the Death of JFK", pp.
277-278:
"Another army reserve officer in
Lawson, the White House
Secret Service agent responsible for the choice of
the Kennedy motorcade route (4 WH 318). Lawson's first
three reports of what
happened on and before November 22 raise considerable
questions about his
performance. For example he reported that motorcycles were used
on "the
right and left flanks of the President's car" (17 WH
605; cf. 17 WH 624, 18
WH 741) although photographs
show that they accompanied at the rear (21 WH
768-70). Numerous
later reports from the
Lawson's own instructions
the proposed side escorts were redeployed to the
rear of the car (7 WH 581, 3 WH 244, 18 WH 809, 21 WH
571). This change,
ostensibly for the sake of security, would appear to leave the
President
more open to a possible crossfire.
Lawson also noted that "the
motorcycles cleared a path to the
Hospital" (17 WH 629),
and later that his own car (the lead car, between
Lumpkin's and the
President's) "assisited the motorcycles in
escorting the
President's
vehicle to
claims are inconsistent with the radio orders on police
channels to clear a
route to
not for the President's car, but for the ambulance
summoned by the
psuedo-emergency of the
so-called "epileptic seizure" (23 WH 841; cf. 17 WH
368, 395).
Lawson's sworn testimony to the Warren
Commission said nothing about the
motorcycles escort; and it painteda
picture even harder to reconcile with
the orders for a route to be cleared" "We had
to do some stopping of cars
and holding our hands out the windows and blowing the
sirens and the horns
to get through" (4 WH 354). No one on the
Commission asked about the orders
on the police radio transcript, by which other cars had
already been blocked
from the route."